品名

二氯化锡; 氯化锡(II); 氯化亚锡; “锡盐”;  Tin dichloride;  Tin(II)chloride;  Stannous chloride; CAS：7772-99-8

二水合二氯化锡; Tin dichloride dihydrate

理化性质

无水物为白色正交晶体。分子式SnCl2。分子量189.61。相对密度3.95。熔点246℃。沸点652℃。与三氟化溴、碳化钙、环氧乙烷、水合肼、硝酸盐、钾、钠、过氧化氢发生剧烈反应。加热分解,生成氯化物。

二水合物无色晶体。分子式SnCl2·2H2O。分子量225.63。相对密度2.71。熔点37.7℃。蒸气压53.32kPa(400mmHg450℃)。加热至100℃失去结晶水。在空气中被氧化生成不溶性氯氧化物。

二者均溶于水,并遇较多水,易水解出碱式盐沉淀。溶于乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、盐酸、碱中。

接触机会

除在染料制造上作强还原剂使用外,还广泛用于染料的媒染剂,墨水渍的去除,有机反应催化剂,蔗锡,医药用品,润滑油的游渣防止剂,食品保存,肥皂的保香剂,镜子的镀银,塑料制品进行电镀的添加剂及实验室常用的还原剂等。生产与使用过程中可接触。

国内主要生产厂商:上海冶炼厂、天津红光化工厂、昆明南强化工厂、上海县北桥化工厂、广州立新化工厂、沈阳市化工四厂、西安延河化工厂、沈阳市化工六厂

侵入途径

可通过消化道吸收。

毒理学简介

大鼠经口LD50: 700 mg/kg。小鼠经口LD50: 250 mg/kg。

狗进食含氯化亚锡500mg/kg体重的牛奶后,出现瘫痪。动物实验表明,胃肠外途径引起急性中毒主要是中枢神经系统受损表现,同时有胃肠功能紊乱。肾、肝、心等脏器亦可受累; 经口毒性较小。

IDLH: +400 mg/cu m /Tin (inorganic cmpd except oxides, as Sn)/ [R61]

临床表现

曾有报道由于锡污染罐头食品引起食物中毒,最低污染浓度250mg/kg,临床表现为恶心、呕吐、腹泻等急性胃肠炎症状。

美国HSDB引用文献：

*In this study tin(II), as stannous chloride, is readily taken up by human white blood cells and can cause damage to DNA. Damage was detected in white blood cells after exposure to 10-50 uM tin(II) for 30 minutes at either 0 deg or 37 deg C. [R17]

*Organotin compounds examined in this study exhibited a relative order of potency for induction of in vitro hemolysis in human erythrocytes as follows: tri-n-butylitin > tri-n-propyltitn > tetra-n-butyltin > triphenyltin chloride > tri-n-ethyltin bromide > dibutyltin dichloride > stannous chloride > tri-n-methyltin chloride + butyltin chloride dihydroxide. [R18]

*Inorganic tin salts by normal routes of intake, inhalation & oral, are by comparison relatively innocuous, whereas organic tin compounds in general are highly toxic by these routes. /Tin compounds/ [R19, 1945]

*LOW TOXICOLOGICAL RISK GENERALLY ASSOC WITH INORGANIC TIN INGESTION IS DUE LARGELY TO THE LOW DEGREE OF ABSORPTION, LOW TISSUE RETENTION, AND RAPID TURNOVER OF THE ELEMENT. /INORGANIC TIN CMPD/ [R20]

*TIN SALTS, WHEN THEY HAVE GAINED ACCESS TO THE BLOOD STREAM, ARE HIGHLY TOXIC, PRODUCING PARALYSIS AND OTHER NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE. /INORGANIC TIN SALTS/ [R21]

*Target organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system. /Tin, inorganic cmpd, except oxides (as Sn)/ [R13, 225]

*Acute poisoning has been reported, usually following ingestion of fruit juices containing concentrations of tin greater than about 250 mg/l. The major symptoms and signs are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and headache. In a unique incident, involving 110 persons who had consumed only canned peaches, intoxication was reported in the majority of those questioned. Two out of seven persons who had ingested 50 mg of tin in the peaches fell ill. /Inorganic tin/ [R22]

*Inhalation of dusts or fumes of tin metal & salts produces mild, benign pneumoconiosis in ... man. /Tin & tin salts/ [R23, 185]

处理

对症处理。

中毒较重时可考虑试用二巯基丙磺酸钠等驱锡治疗。

卫生标准

车间空气卫生标准:

美国ACGIH TLV-TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

美国MSHA STANDARD-air: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

美国OSHA PEL(所有行业): 8H TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

澳大利亚: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

比利时: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

丹麦: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

芬兰: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

德国: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

匈牙利: TWA 1 mg(Sn)/m3, STEL 2 mg(Sn)/m3, 皮肤

荷兰: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

菲律宾: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

瑞士: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3, STEL 4 mg(Sn)/m3

泰国: TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3

英国: TWA 5 mg(Sn)/m3, STEL 10 mg(Sn)/m3

保加利亚,哥伦比亚,约旦,韩国 参照美国 ACGIH TLV;

新西兰,新加坡,越南 参照美国 ACGIH TLV

参考文献

[1]Barnes JM, et al. The toxicology of tin compounds. Pharmacol Rev 1959; 11:211.

[2]Warburton S.et al. Outbreak of food borneillness attributed to tin. Pub Health Rep 1962; 77:798.

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