品名

三碘甲烷; 碘仿; 黄碘; Triiodomethane; Iodoform; CAS：75-47-8

理化性质

黄色晶体或结晶粉末。有特殊气味。分子式C-H-I3。分子量393.78。相对密度4.008（20／4℃）。熔点119℃。沸点210℃。难溶于水,溶于乙醇及乙醚（在100克乙醇中的溶解度为2克,在100克乙醚中溶解度为20克）,易溶于丙酮。

接触机会

工业中用碘及碱作用于丙酮或用电解碘化钾或碘化钠的乙醇溶液制备而得。化学工业中主要用作原料及化学中间体。医学方面用作消毒剂及防腐剂。由于其对中枢神经及心、肝、肾有损害,现医学上少用。一般药物合成工人及医务防疫人员接触机会较多。

国内主要生产厂商:上海第十九制药厂

侵入途径

经呼吸道或皮肤吸收。

毒理学简介

大鼠经口LD50: 355 mg/kg; 吸入LC50: 165 ppm/7H; 经皮LD50: 1184 mg/kg。小鼠经口LD50: 470 mg/kg。

狗吸入504 mg/m^3引起呼吸道刺激症状,抑制中枢神经,损害心、肝、肺。嗅觉阈浓度为0.37ppb。

临床表现

作为药用时,大量碘仿经皮肤吸收后,可引起中枢神经系统损害,表现为不安、头痛、记忆力减退,语言错乱,谵妄和心律不齐等,病理检查可见肝、心和肾脏脂肪变性。

美国HSDB引用文献：

*SYSTEMIC INTOXICATION AND VISUAL DISTURBANCES RESULTED FROM ABSORPTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT /OF IODOFORM/ APPLIED TO WOUNDS OR ABSCESSES, OR FROM INGESTION OF LARGE QUANTITIES, BUT NOT FROM APPLICATION TO THE EYE. ... MOST CHARACTERISTICALLY VISION WAS IMPAIRED BY RETROBULBAR NEURITIS WITH ACCOMPANYING CENTRAL SCOTOMA. IN RARE INSTANCES TRANSITORY COMPLETE BLINDNESS OCCURRED. IN SOME CASES THE BULBAR PORTION OF THE OPTIC NERVE WAS INVOLVED, WITH NEURORETINITIS & OCCASIONAL RETINAL HEMORRHAGES. AS A RULE, RECOVERY WAS SLOW ... IN MOST CASES VISION WAS COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY RECOVERED, BUT RESIDUAL PALLOR OF THE TEMPORAL PART OF THE OPTIC NERVEHEAD WAS COMMON. EXCEPTIONALLY THE WHOLE NERVEHEAD BECAME ATROPHIC AND WHITE AND LITTLE VISION WAS RECOVERED. [R20]

*Both di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives have been found to produce increased blood levels of methemoglobin;  the greatest increase caused by iodo-, followed by bromo- and chloro- compounds. CNS functional disturbances are reported, including depression of rapid eyemovement sleep, as seen in carbon monoxide exposures. /Di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives/ [R21]

*POISONING IS OFTEN DUE TO ABSORPTION THROUGH WOUND WHEN IODOFORM DRESSINGS ARE USED (NO MORE THAN 2 G IODOFORM SHOULD BE SO USED). MAY CAUSE DERMATITIS. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS INCL VOMITING & ALL DEGREES OF CEREBRAL DEPRESSION OR EXCITATION, INCL DELIRIUM, HALLUCINATIONS, COMA, & DEATH. VERY RAPID PULSE IS CHARACTERISTIC, WITH OR WITHOUT SLIGHT FEVER. [R22]

*The fatal dose of ... iodoform is estimated to be 2 g. [R23]

*... Severe poisoning, which may be fatal, is characterized by headache, somnolence, delirium, and rapid feeble pulse. [R7]

处理

立即将中毒者移至空气新鲜处给予吸氧、静卧。对症及支持治疗。酌情给糖皮质激素。

标准

车间空气卫生标准：

美国ACGIH TLV-TWA 10 mg/m3 (0.6 ppm)

澳大利亚: TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN93;

比利时: TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN93;

丹麦: TWA 0.2 ppm (3 mg/m3) JAN93;

芬兰: TWA 0.2 ppm (3 mg/m3), STEL 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3), Skin JAN93;

法国: TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN93;

荷兰: TWA 0.2 ppm (3 mg/m3) JAN93;

瑞士: TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN93;

英国: TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3), STEL 1 ppm (20 mg/m3) JAN93;

保加利亚，哥伦比亚，约旦，韩国 参照美国 ACGIH TLV;

新西兰，新加坡，越南 参照美国 ACGIH TLV

危规：GB6.1 类61570。

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