品名

氯酸钠; 白药钠; Sodium chlorate; CAS:7775-09-9

理化性质

无色、无臭的结晶或呈白色颗粒状。分子式NaClO3。分子量106.45。相对密度2.5。熔点248℃。加热到300℃可放出氧,具氧化性。在高温下分解。易溶于水,水溶液呈中性。

接触机会

用作氧化剂、除草剂、媒染剂等。用于生产炸药、火柴、焰火、鞣革。

国内主要生产厂商:大连氯酸钾厂、四川长寿化工厂、福州第一化工厂、广西贺县光明化工厂、杭州化工厂

侵入途径

由呼吸道、消化道、皮肤侵入。

毒理学简介

人（女性）经口TDLo: 800 mg/kg。男性经口TDLo: 286 mg/kg。儿童（途径不详）LD50: 185 mg/kg。

大鼠经口LD50: 1200 mg/kg；吸入LC50: >28 gm/m3/1H。小鼠经口LD50: 8350 mg/kg。兔经皮LD50: >10 gm/kg。

氯酸盐毒性较大。氯酸盐离子不在体内破坏,而由肾脏缓慢排出。能引起急性或亚急性中毒。氯酸钠对皮肤、粘膜有强刺激作用,并具有强氧化作用,使正常的血红蛋白变为高铁血红蛋白而引起缺氧、窒息。大量破坏的红细胞和氯酸钠在酸性尿液中沉淀,阻塞远曲小管,引起急性肾小管坏死。

人口服氯酸钠的致死量约5～15g。

临床表现

急性口服中毒可出现:a.急性胃肠炎样症状如恶心、呕吐、腹痛等。b.高铁血红蛋白血症,以皮肤、粘膜灰蓝色等为特征。后可出现溶血症状。c.肾脏损害。有腰痛、少尿等,严重者可发生急性肾功能衰竭。

处理

口服中毒用盐水洗胃、盐类泻药导泻,以后可饮服生蛋清。适量输液、利尿以促进毒物排泄。静脉滴注50％葡萄糖液以加速高铁血红蛋白还原成血红蛋白,促进毒物排泄。口服碳酸氢钠1～2g／次,1日3次,或用4～5％碳酸氢钠静滴。血红蛋白在酸性环境中易形成管型,碱性药物可促进其溶解,减少阻塞,加强排泄,改善肾脏功能。

输血以纠正缺氧。

严重中毒,给肾上腺糖皮质激素。必要时早期应用透析疗法。

高铁血红蛋白血症用美蓝静注,每次剂量不超过1mg/kg。可并用维生素C。

其他对症治疗。

美国HSDB引用文献：

*/IN CHLORATE POISONING/ HEINZ BODIES ARE OFTEN PRESENT AND ... MANY OF THE ERYTHROCYTES CLUMP AND ARE BROKEN UP. LATTER EFFECT PRODUCES EMBOLI AND EXCRETION OF BLOOD PIGMENTS BY KIDNEY, WITH RESULTING DARK-COLORED URINE. /CHLORATES/ [R43, 158]

标准

危规:GB5.1 类51030。原铁规:一级无机氧化剂,21014。UN NO.1495,2428(氯酸钠水溶液)。IMDG CODE 5027-1页,5.1 类。

事故案例

*13 YR OLD BOY INGESTED WHITE CRYSTALS, 6 HR LATER HE BECAME ILL WITH RIGORS, ABDOMINAL PAIN, VOMITING & DIARRHEA. URINE WAS DARK WITH BLOOD CLOTS. 3 DAYS LATER RENAL FAILURE WAS PRESENT. [R44]

*A 29 year old man ingested about 20 g of sodium chlorate (230 mg chlorate/kg body weight). He became cyanotic, and his hemoglobin dropped to 11 g/100 ml within 24 hr; methemoglobin and methemoalbumin were detected in his plasma. He was anuric for 14 days, then gradually improved, and he was released from the hospital after 6 wk. [R45]

*14 cases of sodium chlorate poisoning was reported. The patients ages ranged from 3 to 55 years. Doses estimated to be in excess of 100 g or 79 g as chlorate ion were uniformly fatal. One 46 year old woman given supportive therapy died 20 hours after a dose estimated to be 15 g (218 mg chlorate/kg body wt). This was the lowest dose found to be fatal in these cases. Another female of unreported age died 5 days after ingesting 30 g (436 mg chlorate/kg body weight) despite treatment with methylene blue, peritoneal dialysis, and exchange transfusion. However, an 18 yr old male survived a dose estimated at 100 g (1.45 g chlorate/kg body wt) after treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, and hemodialysis. Cyanosis was seen in 50% of the patients, abdominal pain in 36%, diarrhea in 21%, dyspnea in 21%, anuria within 48 hr in 50%, coma in 12%, and methemoglobinemia in 93%, 64% died. [R45]

参考文献

後藤稠,等编(中国医科大学卫生系,等译).工业中毒便览.上册.增补版.北京：人民卫生出版社1983:133.

本内容搜集自互联网，版权归原作者所有